The purpose of this study is to discuss historical context of confidence building measures (CBMS) between India and Pakistan before 1999. This article delves into the development of CBMs from the post-partition era until the Kargil conflict in 1999, examining the significant initiatives, obstacles, and circumstances that influenced the process of building trust betw... Details

Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s (SCO) expansion has increased opportunities; however it has also enhanced a myriad of challenges in the realm of dispute resolution and no comprehensive mechanism for addressing them exists. Many organizations according to the current research, rely on diplomatic involvement, compliance with international humanitarian law, l... Details

The international system is currently passing through a fundamental change from a unipolar to a multipolar global order dominated by different strong states and non-state players. Indeed, the direction marks a significant turning point for global governance and international security. Multipolarity brings about chances and difficulties as it changes the configuratio... Details

What India has achieved in acquiring, in hardly any time, next-generation weapon systems for future battlefields, hypersonic missile capability, warfare with artificial intelligence, cyber power, quantum computing, and space-based assets has suddenly changed the military-strategic landscape in the subcontinent and added to Indo-Pak rivalry, besides putting structure... Details

This study highlights the Impact of Pakistan-Afghan relations and the emergence of TTP on the internal security of Pakistan. The influence of TTP's emergence on Pakistan's internal security and its impact on the Pak-Afghan relationship. Additionally, it highlights the impact of the Cold War on Afghanistan's economic conditions and the rise in extremism. The impact o... Details

Consequently, the purpose of this study is to explore Pakistan's domestic political instability and its effects on its diplomacy as well as security in South Asia. Delays in political stability due to leading power rotation, military coup, and poor governance fluctuate the foreign policies of the country with many of its neighbors, including India, Afghanistan, and ... Details

Amid the US-China power struggle, this paper examines Pakistan's foreign policy challenges, its economic and military reliance on both great powers. Using structural realism, the analysis considers how great power competition drives states to either balance against rivals or adopt a hedging strategy to prevent dependence on a single power. Focusing on a mixed-method... Details