MELTING ICE RISING TENSIONS CHINAS ARCTIC PRESENCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05      10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05      Published : Dec 4
Authored by : Virda Azam , Sajid Iqbal

05 Pages : 53-66

References

  • “The Northern Sea Route: A Gamechanger or a Road to Hegemony?” n.d. Orfonline.org. Accessed December 30, 2023. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/thenorthern-sea-route
  • Almotairi, S. G. (2021). China's Emergence as a Potential Superpower and the World Order. Margalla Papers, 25(2), 35- 46.
  • Andersson, P. (2021). The Arctic as a “strategic” and “important” Chinese foreign policy interest: exploring the role of labels and hierarchies in China’s Arctic discourses. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, https://doi.org/18681026211018699
  • Arctic Ambitions: China’s Engagement With the Northern Sea Route. (n.d.). Thediplomat.com. https://doi.org/thediplomat.com/2023/11/arctic-ambitions-chinas-engagement-with-the-northern-sea-route/
  • Batova, T., Lazareva, E., & Pavlova, E. (2019). Sustainable use of natural resources in the Arctic region (the example of China’s cooperation with Western countries). In E3S Web of Conferences 110, 0206). EDP Sciences.
  • Bekkers, E., Francois, J. F., & Rojas‐ Romagosa, H. (2018). Melting ice caps and the economic impact of opening the Northern Sea Route. The Economic Journal, 128(610), 1095-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12460
  • Brady, A. M. (2017). China as a polar great power. Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, Y. (2023). China's Arctic Policy and Engagement: Review and Prospects. Asia Policy, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2023.0005
  • China’s ODI among world’s top 3 in ten consecutive years - China.org.cn. (n.d.). http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2022-11/08/content_78508619.htm
  • Chinese company to build natural gas processing plant in Russia - Xinhua | English.news.cn. (n.d.). http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/14/c_138471178.htm
  • Cosco Shipping, Sovcomflot, Novatek and Silk Road Fund in Arctic LNG shipping venture. (2019). Seatrade Maritime. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/cosco-shipping-sovcomflot-novatek-and-silk-road-fund-arctic-lng-shipping-venture
  • Dobell, G. (2018). „The US and China: status quo powers in revisionist times”. Australian Strategic Policy Institute: The Strategist. Retrieved May, 26, 2019.
  • Exports of goods and services (current US$) | Data. (2010). Worldbank.org. https://doi.org/data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD
  • Gao, T., & Erokhin, V. (2020). China-Russia collaboration in Arctic shipping and maritime engineering. The Polar Journal, 10(2), 353-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2020.1799612
  • Holz, H., Taffer, A., Miller, A., & DeThomas, B. (2022). Exploring the relationship between China’s investment in the Arctic and its national strategy. Center for Naval Analyses.
  • Hong, N. (2018). China’s interests in the Arctic: Opportunities and challenges. Institute for China-America Studies.
  • Irving, D. (2022). What Does China’s Arctic Presence Mean to the United States. RAND, December, 29.
  • Lasserre, F., Huang, L., & Alexeeva, O. V. (2017). China's strategy in the Arctic: threatening or opportunistic?. Polar Record, 53(1), 31-42.
  • Lim, K. S. (2018). China's Arctic Policy and the Polar Silk Road Vision. Arctic Yearbook, 2018, 420-432. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3603710
  • Nikulin, M. (2021, February). The Arctic as a potential space for Great Power Competition. In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, 678(1), 012034. IOP Publishing.
  • Petrov, A. N., BurnSilver, S., Chapin III, F. S., Fondahl, G., Graybill, J. K., Keil, K., & Schweitzer, P. (2017). Arctic sustainability research: Past, present and future. Taylor & Francis.
  • Smieszek, M., Young, O. R., Hoel, A. H., & Singh, K. (2021). The state and challenges of Arctic governance in an era of transformation. One Earth, 4(12), 1665-1670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.014
  • Stepien, A., Kauppila, L., Kopra, S., Käpylä, J., Lanteigne, M., Mikkola, H., & Nojonen, M. (2020). China’s economic presence in the Arctic: realities, expectations and concerns. In Chinese policy and presence in the Arctic (90-136). Brill Nijhoff.
  • Sun, Y. (2018). The Intricacy of China’s Arctic Policy. Consultado el, 16.
  • The State Council of the People's Republic of China. (2018, January 26). Full text: China’s Arctic Policy. https://doi.org/english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.html
  • Wan, Z., Ge, J., & Chen, J. (2018). Energy- saving potential and an economic feasibility analysis for an Arctic route between Shanghai and Rotterdam: Case study from China’s largest container sea freight operator. Sustainability, 10(4), 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040921
  • Wang, Y. (2023, November 16). The Arctic for China’s Green Energy Transition. The Arctic Institute - Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://doi.org/thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-chinas-green-energy-transition/
  • Wishnick, E. (2017). China's Interests and Goals in the Arctic: Implications for the United States.
  • Wright, D. C. (2013). China's growing interest in the Arctic. Journal of military and strategic studies, 15(2).
  • Zhang, Q., Wan, Z., & Fu, S. (2020). Toward Sustainable Arctic Shipping: Perspectives from China. Sustainability, 12(21), 9012.

References

  • “The Northern Sea Route: A Gamechanger or a Road to Hegemony?” n.d. Orfonline.org. Accessed December 30, 2023. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/thenorthern-sea-route
  • Almotairi, S. G. (2021). China's Emergence as a Potential Superpower and the World Order. Margalla Papers, 25(2), 35- 46.
  • Andersson, P. (2021). The Arctic as a “strategic” and “important” Chinese foreign policy interest: exploring the role of labels and hierarchies in China’s Arctic discourses. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, https://doi.org/18681026211018699
  • Arctic Ambitions: China’s Engagement With the Northern Sea Route. (n.d.). Thediplomat.com. https://doi.org/thediplomat.com/2023/11/arctic-ambitions-chinas-engagement-with-the-northern-sea-route/
  • Batova, T., Lazareva, E., & Pavlova, E. (2019). Sustainable use of natural resources in the Arctic region (the example of China’s cooperation with Western countries). In E3S Web of Conferences 110, 0206). EDP Sciences.
  • Bekkers, E., Francois, J. F., & Rojas‐ Romagosa, H. (2018). Melting ice caps and the economic impact of opening the Northern Sea Route. The Economic Journal, 128(610), 1095-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12460
  • Brady, A. M. (2017). China as a polar great power. Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, Y. (2023). China's Arctic Policy and Engagement: Review and Prospects. Asia Policy, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2023.0005
  • China’s ODI among world’s top 3 in ten consecutive years - China.org.cn. (n.d.). http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2022-11/08/content_78508619.htm
  • Chinese company to build natural gas processing plant in Russia - Xinhua | English.news.cn. (n.d.). http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/14/c_138471178.htm
  • Cosco Shipping, Sovcomflot, Novatek and Silk Road Fund in Arctic LNG shipping venture. (2019). Seatrade Maritime. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/cosco-shipping-sovcomflot-novatek-and-silk-road-fund-arctic-lng-shipping-venture
  • Dobell, G. (2018). „The US and China: status quo powers in revisionist times”. Australian Strategic Policy Institute: The Strategist. Retrieved May, 26, 2019.
  • Exports of goods and services (current US$) | Data. (2010). Worldbank.org. https://doi.org/data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD
  • Gao, T., & Erokhin, V. (2020). China-Russia collaboration in Arctic shipping and maritime engineering. The Polar Journal, 10(2), 353-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2020.1799612
  • Holz, H., Taffer, A., Miller, A., & DeThomas, B. (2022). Exploring the relationship between China’s investment in the Arctic and its national strategy. Center for Naval Analyses.
  • Hong, N. (2018). China’s interests in the Arctic: Opportunities and challenges. Institute for China-America Studies.
  • Irving, D. (2022). What Does China’s Arctic Presence Mean to the United States. RAND, December, 29.
  • Lasserre, F., Huang, L., & Alexeeva, O. V. (2017). China's strategy in the Arctic: threatening or opportunistic?. Polar Record, 53(1), 31-42.
  • Lim, K. S. (2018). China's Arctic Policy and the Polar Silk Road Vision. Arctic Yearbook, 2018, 420-432. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3603710
  • Nikulin, M. (2021, February). The Arctic as a potential space for Great Power Competition. In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, 678(1), 012034. IOP Publishing.
  • Petrov, A. N., BurnSilver, S., Chapin III, F. S., Fondahl, G., Graybill, J. K., Keil, K., & Schweitzer, P. (2017). Arctic sustainability research: Past, present and future. Taylor & Francis.
  • Smieszek, M., Young, O. R., Hoel, A. H., & Singh, K. (2021). The state and challenges of Arctic governance in an era of transformation. One Earth, 4(12), 1665-1670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.014
  • Stepien, A., Kauppila, L., Kopra, S., Käpylä, J., Lanteigne, M., Mikkola, H., & Nojonen, M. (2020). China’s economic presence in the Arctic: realities, expectations and concerns. In Chinese policy and presence in the Arctic (90-136). Brill Nijhoff.
  • Sun, Y. (2018). The Intricacy of China’s Arctic Policy. Consultado el, 16.
  • The State Council of the People's Republic of China. (2018, January 26). Full text: China’s Arctic Policy. https://doi.org/english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.html
  • Wan, Z., Ge, J., & Chen, J. (2018). Energy- saving potential and an economic feasibility analysis for an Arctic route between Shanghai and Rotterdam: Case study from China’s largest container sea freight operator. Sustainability, 10(4), 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040921
  • Wang, Y. (2023, November 16). The Arctic for China’s Green Energy Transition. The Arctic Institute - Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://doi.org/thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-chinas-green-energy-transition/
  • Wishnick, E. (2017). China's Interests and Goals in the Arctic: Implications for the United States.
  • Wright, D. C. (2013). China's growing interest in the Arctic. Journal of military and strategic studies, 15(2).
  • Zhang, Q., Wan, Z., & Fu, S. (2020). Toward Sustainable Arctic Shipping: Perspectives from China. Sustainability, 12(21), 9012.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Azam, V., & Iqbal, S. (2023). Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States. Global Foreign Policies Review, VI(IV), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. 2023. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review, VI (IV): 53-66 doi: 10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05

HARVARD

    HARVARD : AZAM, V. & IQBAL, S. 2023. Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States. Global Foreign Policies Review, VI, 53-66.

MHRA

    MHRA : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. 2023. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review, VI: 53-66

MLA

    MLA : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review, VI.IV (2023): 53-66 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Azam, Virda and Iqbal, Sajid (2023), "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States", Global Foreign Policies Review, VI (IV), 53-66

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review VI, no. IV (2023): 53-66. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05