http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05
10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05
Published : Dec 2023
Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States
The Arctic Ocean Region is experiencing a transformation and is remoulding abruptly from an ice-covered region to an economic zone, influenced by the rising Global temperatures. This transformation has unplugged new avenues for maritime activities as well as intensified the Geopolitical dynamics. This study investigates and analyzes the rising tensions prompted by the increasing presence and activities of China in the Arctic region and the potential implications for the USA. Adopting a Qualitative approach, this research analyzes and examines the PRC's involvement and activities in the region along with the Arctic Policies of the PRC and the United States. The study explores the complex interplay of interests and motives of both powers and potential implications and challenges arising from the growing Chinese presence of the USA in the strategically important region.
-
Melting Ice, Arctic Ocean, China, US Global Temperature
-
(1) Virda Azam
Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Sajid Iqbal
Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan.
- “The Northern Sea Route: A Gamechanger or a Road to Hegemony?†n.d. Orfonline.org. Accessed December 30, 2023. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/thenorthern-sea-route
- Almotairi, S. G. (2021). China's Emergence as a Potential Superpower and the World Order. Margalla Papers, 25(2), 35- 46.
- Andersson, P. (2021). The Arctic as a “strategic†and “important†Chinese foreign policy interest: exploring the role of labels and hierarchies in China’s Arctic discourses. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, https://doi.org/18681026211018699
- Arctic Ambitions: China’s Engagement With the Northern Sea Route. (n.d.). Thediplomat.com. https://doi.org/thediplomat.com/2023/11/arctic-ambitions-chinas-engagement-with-the-northern-sea-route/
- Batova, T., Lazareva, E., & Pavlova, E. (2019). Sustainable use of natural resources in the Arctic region (the example of China’s cooperation with Western countries). In E3S Web of Conferences 110, 0206). EDP Sciences.
- Bekkers, E., Francois, J. F., & Rojas†Romagosa, H. (2018). Melting ice caps and the economic impact of opening the Northern Sea Route. The Economic Journal, 128(610), 1095-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12460
- Brady, A. M. (2017). China as a polar great power. Cambridge University Press.
- Chen, Y. (2023). China's Arctic Policy and Engagement: Review and Prospects. Asia Policy, 30(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2023.0005
- China’s ODI among world’s top 3 in ten consecutive years - China.org.cn. (n.d.). http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2022-11/08/content_78508619.htm
- Chinese company to build natural gas processing plant in Russia - Xinhua | English.news.cn. (n.d.). http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/14/c_138471178.htm
- Cosco Shipping, Sovcomflot, Novatek and Silk Road Fund in Arctic LNG shipping venture. (2019). Seatrade Maritime. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/cosco-shipping-sovcomflot-novatek-and-silk-road-fund-arctic-lng-shipping-venture
- Dobell, G. (2018). „The US and China: status quo powers in revisionist timesâ€. Australian Strategic Policy Institute: The Strategist. Retrieved May, 26, 2019.
- Exports of goods and services (current US$) | Data. (2010). Worldbank.org. https://doi.org/data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD
- Gao, T., & Erokhin, V. (2020). China-Russia collaboration in Arctic shipping and maritime engineering. The Polar Journal, 10(2), 353-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2020.1799612
- Holz, H., Taffer, A., Miller, A., & DeThomas, B. (2022). Exploring the relationship between China’s investment in the Arctic and its national strategy. Center for Naval Analyses.
- Hong, N. (2018). China’s interests in the Arctic: Opportunities and challenges. Institute for China-America Studies.
- Irving, D. (2022). What Does China’s Arctic Presence Mean to the United States. RAND, December, 29.
- Lasserre, F., Huang, L., & Alexeeva, O. V. (2017). China's strategy in the Arctic: threatening or opportunistic?. Polar Record, 53(1), 31-42.
- Lim, K. S. (2018). China's Arctic Policy and the Polar Silk Road Vision. Arctic Yearbook, 2018, 420-432. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3603710
- Nikulin, M. (2021, February). The Arctic as a potential space for Great Power Competition. In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, 678(1), 012034. IOP Publishing.
- Petrov, A. N., BurnSilver, S., Chapin III, F. S., Fondahl, G., Graybill, J. K., Keil, K., & Schweitzer, P. (2017). Arctic sustainability research: Past, present and future. Taylor & Francis.
- Smieszek, M., Young, O. R., Hoel, A. H., & Singh, K. (2021). The state and challenges of Arctic governance in an era of transformation. One Earth, 4(12), 1665-1670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.014
- Stepien, A., Kauppila, L., Kopra, S., Käpylä, J., Lanteigne, M., Mikkola, H., & Nojonen, M. (2020). China’s economic presence in the Arctic: realities, expectations and concerns. In Chinese policy and presence in the Arctic (90-136). Brill Nijhoff.
- Sun, Y. (2018). The Intricacy of China’s Arctic Policy. Consultado el, 16.
- The State Council of the People's Republic of China. (2018, January 26). Full text: China’s Arctic Policy. https://doi.org/english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.html
- Wan, Z., Ge, J., & Chen, J. (2018). Energy- saving potential and an economic feasibility analysis for an Arctic route between Shanghai and Rotterdam: Case study from China’s largest container sea freight operator. Sustainability, 10(4), 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040921
- Wang, Y. (2023, November 16). The Arctic for China’s Green Energy Transition. The Arctic Institute - Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://doi.org/thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-chinas-green-energy-transition/
- Wishnick, E. (2017). China's Interests and Goals in the Arctic: Implications for the United States.
- Wright, D. C. (2013). China's growing interest in the Arctic. Journal of military and strategic studies, 15(2).
- Zhang, Q., Wan, Z., & Fu, S. (2020). Toward Sustainable Arctic Shipping: Perspectives from China. Sustainability, 12(21), 9012.
Cite this article
-
APA : Azam, V., & Iqbal, S. (2023). Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States. Global Foreign Policies Review, VI(IV), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05
-
CHICAGO : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. 2023. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review, VI (IV): 53-66 doi: 10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05
-
HARVARD : AZAM, V. & IQBAL, S. 2023. Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States. Global Foreign Policies Review, VI, 53-66.
-
MHRA : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. 2023. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review, VI: 53-66
-
MLA : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review, VI.IV (2023): 53-66 Print.
-
OXFORD : Azam, Virda and Iqbal, Sajid (2023), "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States", Global Foreign Policies Review, VI (IV), 53-66
-
TURABIAN : Azam, Virda, and Sajid Iqbal. "Melting Ice, Rising Tensions: China's Arctic Presence and Implications for the United States." Global Foreign Policies Review VI, no. IV (2023): 53-66. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-IV).05