China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
The Middle East, being a hub of energy and oil resources, is of great importance to China in the highly interconnected globalized world. China's recent and enhanced presence in the Middle East refers to China's BRI aimed at regional economic integration in Middle Eastern countries. BRI poses multiple prospects and critical geo-strategic challenges for China in the Middle East. The paper provides an important analysis of how China and the Middle East region are changing their course under the realm of BRI. Qualitative analysis will be used in this study to help improve the regional partnership and economic growth made possible by the BRI, as well as its hindrances. The study also aims to provide an inclusive understanding of China's strategic goals and interests in the Middle East in the framework of the BRI.
-
China, BRI, Middle East, Regional Economic Connectivity, Challenges
-
(1) Mubashra Shaheen
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Higher Education Department, Punjab Govt, Pakistan.
(2) Shah Nawaz Mangi
Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Government College University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.
-
Alsulami, M. S. (2021). US-China competition and its implications for the Middle East. Report. https://rasanah-iiis.org/english/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/05/US-China-Competition-and-Its-Implications-for-the-Middle-East.pdf
- Anthony, R. (2013). China’s global role in the East African oil and gas bonanza. In China-Africa relations (pp. 114–130).
- Baghernia, N. (2024). CHINA’S MARGINAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE 2023 IRAN-SAUDI ARABIA RECONCILIATION. Asian Affairs, 55(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2024.2329615
- Bergsten, C. F. (2008). A partnership of equals: How Washington should respond to China's economic challenge. Foreign Affairs, 57–69.
- Chaziza, M. (2019). China and the Persian Gulf: The new Silk Road strategy and emerging partnerships. Liverpool University Press.
- Chen, X., Miao, J. T., & Li, X. (2021). The Belt and Road Initiative as Epochal regionalisation. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003148685
- Cook, S. A. (2021). Major power rivalry in the Middle East. Council on Foreign Relations, Centre for Preventive Action.
- Costea, D., Dumitrescu, G. C., Volintiru, C., Voicu-Dorobanțu, R., & Ploae, C. (2019). Connectivity-related projects in Europe and China: Opportunities and challenges to increased synergies. European Institute of Romania. http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Study_Europe-China_Final.pdf
- Ehteshami, A., & Horesh, N. (2017). China's presence in the Middle East. Routledge.
- English, A., Sheehan, P., & Wilson, P. (2010). Identifying policies and implementation strategies for improving energy efficiency: Case study 3: Increased utilization of natural gas in China. Energy Policy, 38(10), 6187-6197.
- Eslami, M., & Papageorgiou, M. (2023). China’s increasing role in the Middle East: Implications for regional and international dynamics. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2023/06/02/chinas-increasing-role-in-the-middle-east-implications-for-regional-and-international-dynamics
- Fulton, J. (2022). The China–Iran Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: A Tale of two Regional Security Complexes. Asian Affairs, 53(1), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2022.2029073
- Fulton, J., Sun, D., & Al-Tamimi, N. (2019). China’s great game in the Middle East. European Council on Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/publication/china_great_game_middle_east/
- Garlick, J. (2019). The impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative: From Asia to Europe. Routledge.
- Ghalayini, L. (2011). The interaction between oil price and economic growth. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 13(21), 127–141.
- Heath, T. R. (2016). China’s evolving approach to economic diplomacy. Asia Policy, 22, 157–192.
- Hoh, A. (2019). China’s Belt and Road initiative in Central Asia and the Middle East. Digest of Middle East Studies, 28(2), 241–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12191
- Jisi, W. (2013). North, south, east, and west–China is in the “middle”: A geostrategic chessboard. China International Strategy Review, 44.
- Jung, D., & Piccoli, W. (2001). Turkey at the crossroads: Ottoman legacies and a greater Middle East. Zed Books.
- Lennon, A. T. J. (Ed.). (2007). The epicenter of crisis: The new Middle East. MIT Press.
- Lons, C. (2019). China’s great game in the Middle East. European Council on Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/publication/china_great_game_middle_east/#a3
- Martuscelli, A. (2019). The economics of China’s engagement with Africa: What is the empirical evidence? Development Policy Review, 38(3), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12456
- Meia, N., & Gordon, D. (2022). The Digital Silk Road. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003390268
- Patey, L. (2021). How China loses: The pushback against Chinese global ambitions. Oxford University Press.
- Ren, H. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative: Chinese plan of global economic governance (Master’s thesis). University Name.
- Rolland, N. (2017). China's Eurasian Century: Political and strategic implications of the Belt and Road Initiative. National Bureau of Asian Research.
- Scobell, A., & Nader, A. (2016). China in the Middle East: The wary dragon. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1229.html
- Scott, D. (2007). China stands up: The PRC and the international system. Routledge.
- Sharma, A. (2019). An analysis of ‘Belt and Road’ initiative and the Middle East. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1586179
- Shaughnessy, A. (2022). Same game, different rules: pointillist imperialism and the new cartography of great power competition. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.7873
- Sidlo, K. (2020). The role of China in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Beyond economic interests. The European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed), EuroMesco Joint Policy Study, 16. https://www.iemed.org/publication/the-role-of-china-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-mena-beyond-economic-interests/
- Sun, D. (2019). China’s approach to the Middle East: Development before democracy. European Council on Foreign Relations.
- Sun, D., & Zoubir, Y. (2017). China’s participation in conflict resolution in the Middle East and North Africa: a case of Quasi-Mediation diplomacy? Journal of Contemporary China, 27(110), 224–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1389019
- Tammen, R. L. (2006). Power transition and China-US conflicts. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pol003
- Tramballi, U., & Talbot, V. (2020). Looking West: The rise of Asia in the Middle East. In Looking West (pp. 1–146).
- Yahya, M. (2019). How has China’s role in the Middle East evolved? Carnegie Middle East Center. https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/09/26/how-has-china-s-role-in-middle-east-evolved-pub-79930
- Yang, H. (2018). Time to up the game? Middle Eastern security and Chinese strategic involvement. Asia Europe Journal, 16(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-018-0509-6
- Zhang, X. (1999). China’s interests in the Middle East: present and future. Middle East Policy, 6(3), 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.1999.tb00332.x
Cite this article
-
APA : Shaheen, M., & Mangi, S. N. (2024). China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Global Foreign Policies Review, VII(IV), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2024(VII-IV).02
-
CHICAGO : Shaheen, Mubashra, and Shah Nawaz Mangi. 2024. "China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." Global Foreign Policies Review, VII (IV): 13-22 doi: 10.31703/gfpr.2024(VII-IV).02
-
HARVARD : SHAHEEN, M. & MANGI, S. N. 2024. China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Global Foreign Policies Review, VII, 13-22.
-
MHRA : Shaheen, Mubashra, and Shah Nawaz Mangi. 2024. "China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." Global Foreign Policies Review, VII: 13-22
-
MLA : Shaheen, Mubashra, and Shah Nawaz Mangi. "China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." Global Foreign Policies Review, VII.IV (2024): 13-22 Print.
-
OXFORD : Shaheen, Mubashra and Mangi, Shah Nawaz (2024), "China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)", Global Foreign Policies Review, VII (IV), 13-22
-
TURABIAN : Shaheen, Mubashra, and Shah Nawaz Mangi. "China’s Presence in the Middle East and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." Global Foreign Policies Review VII, no. IV (2024): 13-22. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2024(VII-IV).02